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Der Satzbau

Basic sentence structure

Two rules decide where the verb and the subject go in a German main sentence.

Rule 1: the verb is in 2nd position

  • The verb is always in 2nd position.
  • The verb position does not change, even when other parts of the sentence move to the front.

spielen (to play)

  • Er spielt heute FußballHe plays football today
  • Heute spielt er FußballToday he plays football
  • Fußball spielt er heuteFootball he plays today
  • Er spielt Fußball heuteHe plays football today

kaufen (to buy)

  • Ich kaufe morgen ein neues AutoI will buy a new car tomorrow
  • Morgen kaufe ich ein neues AutoTomorrow I will buy a new car
  • Ein neues Auto kaufe ich morgenA new car I will buy tomorrow

2nd position, not the 2nd word

  • “Ein neues Auto kaufe ich morgen”: the verb is the 4th word, but it is in 2nd position.
  • A phrase that belongs together counts as one position, so it cannot be split up.
  • Also “Ich und Thomas kaufen morgen ein neues Auto” and “Heute und morgen lese ich ein Buch”: the verb comes after the first phrase.

Rule 2: the subject is next to the verb

  • In a Hauptsatz (a main sentence that gives complete information), the subject comes directly before or after the verb.
  • Er spielt heute Fußball: the subject is before the verb.
  • Heute spielt er Fußball: the subject is after the verb.

Exceptions come later

  • In some cases these rules are not followed.
  • A1 topics: modal verbs, Ja/Nein questions.
  • A2 topics: relative pronouns, Nebensätze (for example with weil and dass).

Capital letters

  • Nouns always start with a capital letter: Auto, Fußball.
  • Verbs always start with a small letter, unless they start a sentence: kaufe, spielt.